How can the meaning of "shahīdan" (a witness/martyr) be understood in verse 5:117 of Surah Al-Ma'idah, in addition to verses 33:45 of Al-Ahzab and 4:41 of An-Nisa, in relation to Prophets Muhammad and Jesus, peace be upon them both?

The "martyr" (shahīd) and "witness" (shāhid) in the mentioned verses refer to one who bears witness against their nation. The Messenger, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, bears witness against his nation, and likewise, all prophets bear witness against their nations, such as Jesus, peace be upon him. This is part of the perfection of Allah Almighty's justice, where each messenger bears witness against his nation according to what they deserve.