What are the Sharia and linguistic definitions of insulting one another with nicknames, slanderous accusation (qadhf), and abuse (sabb)? What is the difference between them, and what is the expiation for each?
Linguistically, an-nabz means a title, and it is frequently used in dispraise. At-tanābūz means to call each other by dispraiseworthy titles. Legally, it means to describe or call a person by a characteristic or title that he dislikes, or that involves dispraise, belittlement, or mockery. Allah Almighty said: "And do not call each other by [offensive] nicknames."
Linguistically, al-qadhf means to throw or cast with force. Legally, it means to accuse a person of fornication, and it is one of the major sins.
Linguistically, as-sabb means to insult, cut off, or stab. Legally, it means to insult and revile an innocent person without a legal right, and it is forbidden. The Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, said: "Insulting a Muslim is wickedness, and fighting him is disbelief."
The expiation for one who commits any of these acts is sincere repentance and seeking forgiveness from the one who was wronged.
Summary from Ftawy's records · added here
Reviewed by El Fatwa's sharia committee.
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