What is the ruling on a judge's verdict based on his own knowledge, according to the four schools of thought?

The jurists differed on the ruling regarding a judge's judgment based on his own knowledge, where "a judge's knowledge" refers to his firm conviction.

They all agreed that he should not judge based on his knowledge in Hudud (prescribed punishments) that are purely for Allah, because these are averted by doubts.

They differed on its ruling concerning human rights: The Malikis, Hanbalis, and others held that it is impermissible, citing as evidence that Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) refrained from judging based on his own knowledge. The Shafi'is and the two companions of Abu Hanifa held that it is permissible, arguing that a judge's certain knowledge is stronger than evidence (Bayyina), and citing the Prophet's (ﷺ) ijtihad (independent reasoning) with Hind bint Utbah.

The Hanafis adopted the view that a judge should not judge based on his own knowledge due to the corruption of the times, and this is the most probable view in our current era.