What is the ruling on eating from the utensils of disbelievers and polytheists? And is the ruling on their used clothes similar to that on their utensils?

Ibn Qudamah elaborated on the ruling regarding the use of vessels and clothing of polytheists, distinguishing between the People of the Book and others:

1. Vessels of the People of the Book: It is permissible to eat from them as long as their impurity is not confirmed. Some scholars disliked their use due to their (the People of the Book's) lack of caution regarding impurity.

2. Vessels of non-People of the Book (such as المجوس (Magians) and idol worshippers): Al-Qadi said: They should not be used because they are not free from their impure foods and slaughtered animals. Abu al-Khattab and Al-Shafi'i said: They are pure and permissible to use as long as their impurity is not certain, and the default is purity.

3. Clothing of Polytheists (People of the Book and others are equal): What has not been used or was far from the private parts (like a turban or an outer garment): It is pure and permissible to wear. What touched the private parts (like trousers and an inner garment): Imam Ahmad said: It is recommended to repeat the prayer for one who prayed in it (and some opinions stated the obligation or non-obligation of repeating it). Abu Hanifa and Al-Shafi'i disliked it due to their (polytheists') lack of guarding against impurity. According to the Malikis: It is not permissible to pray in the clothing of a disbeliever unless its purity is certain or highly probable. It is not even valid for a new Muslim to pray in it before washing it if its purity is not confirmed.

4. Benefiting from Impure Clothing (based on the opinion of its impurity): It is permissible to benefit from it outside of prayer, such as wearing it or sleeping in it when not sweating, because it is something that has become impure, not inherently impure.