Is a دم (sacrifice) obligatory for one who passed the miqat with the intention of 'Umrah and then intended to enter into ihram near Jeddah? And is a دم obligatory for children? And what is a دم? And is it permissible to offer the دم to those who are not poor in Makkah?

If someone who intends to perform Umrah passes the Miqat without entering into a state of Ihram, they must return to theqat to assume Ihram. Otherwise, they are obligated to offer a sacrifice (Dam), which is slaughtered and distributed among the poor of the Haram. This applies whether they did so intentionally, out of ignorance, or forgetfulness. However, they are only sinful if they acted intentionally. As for children, if the guardian intended for them to perform Umrah and passed the Miqat without them entering Ihram, there are two scholarly opinions regarding the obligation of a compensatory sacrifice (Fidyah). The place for slaughtering and distributing the Dam is within the Haram, and it is permissible to appoint an agent for this.