What is the ruling on using marketing methods in e-commerce to convince a buyer, knowing that they may not be real, such as exaggerating discounts, or creating the illusion of a large number of shoppers, or creating the illusion that offers or stock are about to run out?

It is not permissible to promote goods through deception, fraud, and lies, for it is forbidden and causes deprivation of the blessing of the sale. Indeed, whoever cheats is not one of us. If the two parties to the sale are truthful and make everything clear, their sale will be blessed. But if they lie and conceal, the blessing of their sale will be obliterated. And every explicit deception or lie is forbidden and eliminates blessing.