What is the mechanism for dispute resolution between the ruler and the ruled in Islamic law, and is it left to human discretion? And can this be used as an argument for the permissibility of opposition without revolting against the ruler?

The noble verse: {O you who have believed, obey Allah and obey the Messenger and those in authority among you. And if you disagree over anything, refer it to Allah and the Messenger, if you should believe in Allah and the Last Day. That is the best [way] and best in ultimate interpretation} commands obedience to Allah, His Messenger, and those in authority. These include rulers, governors, scholars, military commanders, and all those to whom people turn for public needs and interests. The verse indicates that disputes between the common people and those in authority, or among those in authority themselves, must be referred to the Book of Allah and the Sunnah of His Messenger (peace be upon him). The existence of political opposition in its contemporary sense is not among the clear indications of this verse; rather, its ruling is derived from other evidences. The verse clarifies the fundamental principles of religion in an Islamic government: the Holy Quran, the Prophetic Sunnah, the consensus of those in authority, and referring disputed matters to the Book and the Sunnah. When a disagreement occurs, the Muslim nation must refer the matter to the Book and the Sunnah, and scholars should engage in consultation and sincere advice while preserving harmony and the brotherhood of faith.