Is it permissible for me to dispose of the compensation amount for the devices I lost at work—which were from my own money—as my own private money and not purchase other devices with it, knowing that this amount is designated for compensating the lost devices?

If the sum is compensation for damage incurred without any condition, then you are permitted to dispose of it as you wish. However, if they stipulated that you must purchase equipment, then you are not permitted to dispose of it except according to what was stipulated, because the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, said: "Muslims are bound by their conditions." So, what corresponds to the damage, you may dispose of it, and with what remains, you either purchase equipment or return it to its owners. If they gave you the money with the intention of buying equipment but without a condition, then the money is yours, and it is preferable to buy the equipment with it, especially if its absence harms their work.