What is the ruling on one who masturbated during the daytime in Ramadan after puberty, being ignorant of its ruling for several years, then learned and stopped, but is unsure whether he did it after he learned or not?

If you are not certain about the emission of semen during masturbation in Ramadan (definition), then no make-up fast is required of you. However, if you are certain of its emission and were ignorant of the ruling that it invalidates the fast—an excusable ignorance—then no make-up fast is required of you either, due to the Almighty’s saying: "And there is no blame upon you for that in which you have erred," and His saying: "Our Lord, do not take us to task if we forget or make a mistake." As for doubts and illusions after you have become aware of the ruling, these are from waswas (whispers of Satan), so you must refrain from them and pay them no attention unless you are absolutely certain.