Is it permissible for a woman to undergo a medical examination in a clinic where there is a female nurse without the presence of a mahram, especially when having a chest X-ray?
The presence of a nurse or a trustworthy woman prevents unlawful seclusion () between a doctor and a female patient during a medical examination. It is mentioned in Al-Nawawi's commentary on Muslim that "No man shall be secluded with a woman unless she has a with her." This means the presence of a mahram for her or for him, which is in accordance with the rules of the jurists. However, if a non-mahram man is secluded with a non-mahram woman without a third person, this is forbidden by scholarly consensus. A resolution by the Islamic Fiqh Academy states the permissibility of a doctor treating a woman in the presence of a mahram, or her husband, or a trustworthy woman to prevent seclusion.
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