What is the ruling on owning shares and the profits derived from them in companies that deal with loans, and is it obligatory to sell these shares immediately, or can one wait to recover the principal?

The shares you mentioned cannot be judged as permissible or impermissible. However, the purchase of shares must adhere to Sharia (definition) guidelines. If the companies' activities are permissible, but they borrowed with interest, some scholars permit owning their shares, provided that the portion of unlawful gain from their profits is purified. This purification involves donating the impermissible portion of the profit to Muslim welfare or to the poor and needy. It is necessary to verify the information about borrowing with interest; if it is not true, then there is no harm in holding or selling the shares.