What is the ruling on vocalizing the recitation aloud in individual prayer for men and women in the five daily prayers?
The places where one recites aloud are the first two rak'ahs of Maghrib and 'Isha, and all of Fajr. Anything other than that is recited silently. Reciting aloud or silently in its prescribed place is a of the prayer. So, if someone prays alone and recites aloud in a place where silent recitation is required, they have abandoned the sunnah. According to the Malikis, they must perform the prostration of forgetfulness ( al-ba'di), but if they omit it, their prayer is still valid. As for the Hanbalis, they do not consider anything obligatory upon him, and his prayer is valid. Ibn Qudamah said: "If one recites aloud in a place of silent recitation or silently in a place of loud recitation, he has abandoned the sunnah, but his prayer is valid."
Summary from Ftawy's records · added here
Reviewed by El Fatwa's sharia committee.
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