What is the ruling on traveling on Friday if the flight time conflicts with performing Jumu'ah prayer? Is it permissible to omit raml in circumambulation (tawaf) and sa'y in order to accompany an elderly person? Is it sufficient to shave to zero with a machine, or is a razor required to attain the virtue of shaving?

If the airport is outside the city and travel is considered before Zawwal (midday), then it is permissible to depart and the Friday prayer is not obligatory. It is also permissible to travel before Zawwal on Friday, though refraining from it is more cautious. However, if the airport is within the city, it is not permissible to travel after Zawwal on Friday, unless travel at another time is impossible and there is a fear of financial loss, which would be considered an excuse. As for Ramal (brisk walking) and jogging in Tawaf (definition) (circumambulation) and Sa'i (seven circuits between Safa and Marwah), it is a recommended Sunnah (definition), and it is permissible to omit it when accompanying an elderly mother. Regarding the shaving machine, some scholars consider it a form of shortening (taqseer) even if it is on the lowest setting, while others consider it shaving if it is set to "zero."