If someone missed the Dhuhr prayer, should they pray Dhuhr first, or the Sunnah prayers that precede it, then Dhuhr, then the Sunnah prayers that follow it? And what is the ruling on making up the Dhuhr prayer if its time has expired or not?

If the obligatory prayer is performed before its time expires, it is considered adaa' (performed on time). If its time expires, it is called qadaa' (performed as a make-up) and must be made up immediately according to one's ability.

If the Dhuhr prayer is missed because its time has expired, it must be made up. Scholars differ concerning making up its ratibah (supererogatory prayers accompanying it). According to the view that holds the permissibility of making it up, one should perform the pre-Dhuhr ratibah, then the obligatory prayer, then the post-Dhuhr ratibah.

If missing Dhuhr means not catching it in congregation, the worshiper should perform the pre-Dhuhr ratibah, then the obligatory prayer, then the post-Dhuhr ratibah, unless time is short, in which case the obligatory prayer is performed first, because a nafilah (supererogatory prayer), even a ratibah, is not valid when time is short.