What is the ruling on placing the index finger in the ear during the Adhan, and is there any Hadith from the Prophet stating that he stood up and called the Adhan, and what are the conditions that, if met in a woman, would make her the woman about whom the Prophet said: "So win the one who is religious, your hands will be soiled with dust [i.e., you will prosper]"?

Placing the index finger in the ear during the Adhan (definition) is commendable (mustahabb), as it was reported from Bilal (may Allah be pleased with him) that he used to make the Adhan with his fingers in his ears. This hadith (definition) was graded hasan (definition) by Al-Tirmidhi and sahih (definition) by Al-Albani. The wisdom behind this is to amplify the voice for the Adhan. It is a commendable act for which the doer is rewarded, and the one who abstains from it is not sinful. As for the Adhan of the Prophet (peace be upon him), it has not been transmitted.