Is the percentage my colleague takes from the wage in exchange for giving me paper translation or correction work Islamically permissible? And does merely guiding someone to a workplace or helping them join it allow me to take compensation from them for that? And does this contradict chivalry and integrity?

It is permissible for an employee to hire another to perform the work if the employer did not stipulate that he must undertake the work himself. However, if the employer stipulated that he must perform the work himself, then he is not allowed to seek help from others. As for your last question, what you mentioned is called brokerage or commission, and it is permissible to take a legally agreed-upon fee for performing it, though it is preferable to do it without compensation. If taking this fee is considered reprehensible by custom in a certain country, then it would be considered a breach of decorum.