How can one deal with heated discussions with his mother, especially when they involve opinions that do not conform to Islamic Sharia, while maintaining dutifulness to her and de-escalating the discussion?

A distinction must be made between calm, beneficial dialogue and fruitless argumentation that hardens the heart and sows enmity. The former is praiseworthy, and the latter is blameworthy. Arguing with one's mother about matters of religion, halal, and haram without knowledge is impermissible and a grave sin. However, this does not justify raising one's voice at her or screaming in her face, as this is forbidden and a major sin. Disobedience (uqooq) is any action that causes significant harm to parents, and Allah has forbidden even saying "uff" to them. The right of the mother to dutifulness and kindness takes precedence over that of the father. The right of parents is established even if they are disobedient or polytheists; the son should accompany them with kindness. One must fear Allah regarding the rights of the mother, seek forgiveness for any mistreatment, and go to great lengths in showing dutifulness and patience towards her. Enjoining good and forbidding evil upon parents should be done with gentleness, kindness, good manners, and reverence, and not in the same manner as one would do so with strangers.