What is the ruling on a traveler's prayer on Friday, at noon or before noon, if he arrives in his country after Asr or Maghrib? And is he obligated to perform the Friday prayer or Dhuhr and Asr prayers combined and shortened after arrival, or should he pray Dhuhr on the plane? And what should he do about the Dhuhr and Asr prayers if he arrives after the time for Maghrib has begun?

The four Madhhabs (schools of thought) agree that Friday prayer is not obligatory for a traveler. However, they differ on the permissibility of commencing travel on Friday during the day before Zawāl (midday/Dhuhr time). The majority of scholars permit it, while the Shāfiʿīs prohibit it. As for commencing travel after Zawāl, the majority prohibit it, while the Ḥanafīs permit it. The verified opinion among the Ḥanafīs restricts this permission to departing before the call to prayer (Adhan), unless one fears missing their travel companions. If you depart before the time for Friday prayer begins, there is no issue for you. You would delay the Dhuhr prayer and combine it with Asr as a delayed combination (Jamʿ Ta’khīr) without shortening if you pray them in your own country. If you fear the time for Asr prayer will expire, then you must pray Dhuhr and Asr combined and shortened on the airplane, then re-pray both prayers after arriving in your country as a make-up (Qaḍāʾ) without shortening.