Is there a Hadith related to the Imam asking those praying behind him about whom they followed in their prayer, about the validity of their prayer with whom it is valid, and about whom they took as an Imam?

There is no prophetic hadith (definition) stating that an Imam leads people in prayer, and then behind him are congregants, behind whom are other congregants. What is known is that the Imam leads people in prayer and they follow him. There may be an Imam who is followed by people, while he himself is following another Imam, as in the hadith of Aisha in the Two Sahihs, regarding the Prophet's prayer while seated, and Abu Bakr praying standing, with the people following him, which indicates that Abu Bakr was both an Imam and a congregant.