Is the transparent, viscous fluid mixed with whiteness that is discharged upon arousal considered semen necessitating ghusl and invalidating the fast? And is it obligatory to make up for the Ramadan fast if masturbation or swallowing a small amount of blood occurred with uncertainty regarding their ruling?

Semen can be distinguished from pre-seminal fluid. For women, semen is yellowish and thin and is discharged with pleasure. Pre-seminal fluid, however, is clear and sticky and is discharged when thinking about lust without pleasure. If the questioner is frequently doubtful about whether something was discharged or not, she should disregard these doubts, as the default is the validity of the fast and purity. Sucking blood is forbidden and invalidates the fast. Whoever does it while fasting has invalidated their fast and must make up that day, unless they were ignorant of the religious ruling. Practicing masturbation during the day with the discharge of semen invalidates the fast if she is aware of its prohibition. However, doing it at night does not invalidate the fast, but ghusl (ritual bath) is required for prayer.