What is the ruling regarding someone who fasted Ramadan without forming the intention from the night before, and broke some of his fasts believing that breaking the fast was permissible for him (due to not having reached puberty)? Is he required to make up all of Ramadan, or only the days he broke his fast? And is expiation (kaffarah) obligatory upon him if the next Ramadan begins before he completes the make-up fasts?

The question involves three issues: 1. Not forming the intention (niyyah (definition)) for the Ramadan (definition) fast overnight: The majority of scholars hold that this invalidates the fast, and the intention must be formed during the night. The Hanafis, however, disagreed, allowing the intention to be made after dawn until the time of al-ḍaḥwah al-kubrā (mid-morning). For someone who has resolved to fast, their intention is considered to have been formed overnight. 2. Breaking the fast in Ramadan while believing one has not reached puberty: The one who breaks the fast does not incur a sin, but they must make up the days they missed if it becomes clear that they had reached puberty at that time. 3. Delaying making up Ramadan fasts out of ignorance until the next Ramadan arrives: No expiation (kaffarah (definition)) is required in this case.

The days for which the intention to fast was not formed overnight, and the days that were broken while believing one had not reached puberty (if puberty had indeed been reached), must be made up. No major expiation (kaffarah kubrā) is required except for intentional sexual intercourse during a Ramadan day.