Am I sinful for not being convinced to pray behind my husband, who has bad characteristics, and is my supplication against him considered a sin?

It appears there is no sin upon you for what you did, as congregational prayer is not obligatory for women. Leading prayer by a fasiq (transgressor) is disliked by scholars, even if the prayer itself is valid. If you find no one else, then pray behind your husband. There is no harm in your supplication against him if it is due to his injustice, although it is better to refrain from it. There is also no harm in your request for divorce from him, because the characteristics you mentioned, which anger Allah, are a valid reason for seeking divorce.