What is the ruling on Muslims residing in the West abandoning congregational prayers due to work or study, when they are unable to emigrate?

The fundamental principle is that obligatory prayers for men should be performed in congregation in mosques. This is supported by scriptural texts and the actions of the Companions, such as the hadith (definition) of the blind man whom the Prophet (peace be upon him) commanded to answer the call [to prayer], and the hadith of Ibn Mas'ud, who believed that anyone who absents himself from prayer is either a hypocrite or ill. Therefore, everyone who hears the adhan (definition) is commanded to answer the call and pray in the mosque, unless they have a valid excuse.

However, if a Muslim strives to catch the congregational prayer but is unable to do so due to essential work or studies where congregational prayer is not feasible, there is no harm in him completing his work or studies, then performing the prayer within its time, either individually or in congregation with some colleagues if that is possible. This is because he is excused from abandoning the congregation if he fears harm to a livelihood that he needs.