What are the thematic and stylistic characteristics and the linguistic controls of the Meccan and Medinan verses?

The Holy Quran has received attention, preservation, and study unparalleled by any other book. This is evident in the precise documentation by the Companions and scholars of the place, time, and reasons for the revelation of its surahs and verses.

Jurists relied on two methodologies to distinguish between Makki and Madani surahs: narration and listening (transmission), and rational, jurisprudential analogy. They also established criteria for each phase:

Makki Quran: Characterized by short verses, conciseness, stern warnings, admonitions, striking expressions, establishing rational proofs for the resurrection, giving examples, challenging the Arabs, and frequent mention of the stories of past peoples and the destruction of the deniers.

Madani Quran: Characterized by long verses, detailed discussion of legal rulings, urging jihad, establishing the foundations of the Muslim community, discussing the hypocrites and exposing their plots, and addressing relations between nations, states, and the People of the Book.

They also established distinct criteria for each surah through induction:

Criteria for Makki Quran: Every surah containing a prostration (sajdah), every surah containing the word (كلا - Never!), every surah containing (يا أيها الناس - O humankind) but not (يا أيها الذين آمنوا - O you who have believed) except for Surah Al-Hajj, every surah containing stories of the prophets and past nations except for Surah Al-Baqarah, every surah containing the story of Adam and Iblis except for Surah Al-Baqarah, and every surah opening with disconnected letters (آلم... حم...) except for Al-Baqarah and Al-Imran.

Criteria for Madani Quran: Every surah containing a prescribed duty or a legal punishment (حد), and every surah mentioning the hypocrites except for Surah Al-Ankabut.