What are the supererogatory (ratibah) prayers and their times, and is it permissible to make them up when the performance of a fard (obligatory) prayer has been delayed for several hours?

A Muslim performs the regular (Sunnah (definition)) prayers before or after the obligatory (Fardh) prayers. It is best to perform the Fardh prayer at the beginning of its time. The Sunnah prayers that precede the Fardh are performed before the Fardh, unless the time is so short that it only suffices for the Fardh prayer. In such a case, the Fardh prayer must be performed first, and it is recommended to make up the Sunnah prayers afterward.