What is the ruling on a woman traveling with her male slave, or with men who are not able-bodied, or with a child who has not yet become aware of women's nakedness? And are they considered a mahram for her during travel?

It is not permissible for a woman to travel with her male slave who is a stranger to her (i.e., not a mahram), due to what Ibn 'Umar (may Allah be pleased with them both) narrated from the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) that he said: "A woman's travel with her slave is a loss." This is because he is not trustworthy regarding her, and he is not permanently forbidden to her (by marriage), unlike mahrams. Ibn Qudamah stated that a slave is not a mahram to his mistress. The meaning of Allah's Almighty saying: "or what their right hands possess" [Quran 24:31] refers to female slaves (imaa') and not male slaves ('abeed) according to many exegetes. Similarly, it is not permissible for a woman to travel with a male attendant who is not a 'man of no sexual desire' (ghair uli al-irbah), nor with a child who has not yet reached an understanding of women's nakedness, due to their inability to protect her. As for a woman's mahrams by lineage, affinity, or suckling, it is permissible for them to travel with her and to be in seclusion with her, as long as there is no fear of temptation.