Is it obligatory for a woman experiencing irregular bleeding (mustahaadah) to insert a cotton pad and tie a cloth tightly to prevent the discharge of blood, or is one of the two sufficient, and do sanitary pads fall under the category of tying (taʿṣīb)?

The woman experiencing استحاضة (prolonged vaginal bleeding outside of menstruation) should try to stop the blood flow as much as possible for her prayer, by inserting cotton or a cloth into her private parts. If the blood flow is not stopped by this packing, she should bind and "bridle" herself – which involves tying a cloth or similar around her waist, and inserting another cloth, split at both ends, between her thighs and buttocks, then tying the ends to the cloth around her waist. If the packing is harmful to her or she cannot tolerate it, she may suffice with just the binding. Also, sanitary pads designed for menstruation serve the same purpose as the binding.