What are the types of major disbelief (kufr akbar) that expel one from the fold of Islam, along with examples of each?

Linguistically, kufr (disbelief) means to conceal or cover something. In Islamic legal terminology, it is the absence of faith in Allah and His messengers, whether accompanied by denial, doubt, turning away, or following desires. It is a characteristic of anyone who denies something that Allah has mandated belief in, after it has reached them. Kufr has several types, including:

1. Kufr of Denial and Rejection (Juhud wa Takdhib): This is the concealment of truth and the failure to submit to it outwardly, despite knowing it inwardly. It includes deeming lawful what Allah has forbidden, or forbidding what He has made lawful. 2. Kufr of Turning Away and Arrogance (I'rad wa Istikbar): This is abandoning the truth and not learning or acting upon it, whether through words, deeds, or beliefs, like the state of Iblis. 3. Kufr of Hypocrisy (Nifaq): This is the heart's disbelief while outwardly feigning submission to people. 4. Kufr of Doubt and Suspicion (Shakk wa Rayba): This is hesitation in following the truth or in whether it is indeed the truth.

Thus, kufr can manifest through the heart, tongue, or limbs, just as faith does.