Is my decision to resign and return to Syria, after seeking divine guidance (istikharah) and entrusting my affairs to God, a sound decision for facing tribulations and caring for my parents and family, despite my wife's objection?

It is not permissible to remain in a place where there is a strong presumption of temptation (fitna) concerning one's religion. It is prescribed to emigrate from lands of disobedience and wickedness to lands of obedience. What the questioner did is correct from the perspective of avoiding temptation, and it is also correct due to his proximity to his elderly father, if the father is in need of him. Whoever leaves something for the sake of Allah, Allah will compensate him with something better. And whoever fears Allah - He will make for him a way out and will provide for him from where he does not expect.