What is the ruling of Islamic Sharia on the lineage of a child born out of wedlock who is acknowledged by his father? And is it permissible for a judge to rule on his lineage (establishing it) or disowning him, given that some countries do not adhere to Sharia rulings? And what is the ruling on the lineage of children born from a secret, unregistered ( عرفي), or void marriage to their fathers, even if some deny paternity?

If a woman is married, every child she bears is attributed to her husband, based on the Prophet's (peace be upon him) saying: "The child is for the bed, and for the fornicator is the stone." However, if she is not married, the majority of scholars hold that a child born of adultery is not attributed to the adulterer, though some scholars disagreed on this point. As for secret or customary marriages, if they fulfill the legal conditions of a guardian and witnesses, they are valid, and the child born therein is attributed to the husband, even if the marriage itself was invalid. A judge's ruling establishes or denies paternity outwardly if based on valid evidence.