Is the zakat on money whose receipt is deferred for ten years due every year, like a hoped-for debt, or is the zakat due once upon its receipt at a rate of 2.5%, knowing that paying it for all years upon receipt would take away 25% of the money? And is it permissible to take what the bank adds to these funds to compensate for the deterioration of their purchasing power due to the high cost of living, or is this considered usury?

Money due from commercial insurance is money resulting from a forbidden contract. The insured is not entitled to anything from it except the premiums he paid. Anything in excess of that is forbidden money that he does not own. It must be spent on the general welfare of Muslims or given as charity to the poor and needy. Zakat (definition) is not obligatory on it. What is said about the insurance amount also applies to forbidden bank interest. The questioner must terminate the insurance contract if possible, along with repentance. As for the premiums paid to the company, they are considered to be in the nature of a deposit, and Zakat is due on them as on a deposit.