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What do the Jahmiyyah mean by Tawhid, and were Pharaoh and his people on the right path and possessed true knowledge of God?

1 min readAlso available in العربية

Jahm ibn Safwan held that faith is knowledge of the heart, which would necessitate belief in the faith of Pharaoh and Iblis because they knew the truth in their hearts. Some Jahmites believe in hulool (divine indwelling) and ittihad (unification with God), considering God to be an absolute, indescribable existence. This is the view of the Ittihadiyya, who believe that the transcendent Truth is identical with creation, and that Pharaoh was a perfect believer. The Jahmites are of two types: The first are their worshippers and Sufis, who believe in hulool and ittihad, and that Pharaoh was correct in his claim to divinity. The second group negates both opposites from God, saying: He is neither inside nor outside the world, neither above nor below it. This is, in reality, a description of non-existence.

Summarized from the full answer at Ftawy · reviewed Sep 2, 2026

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