Is the feeling of extreme distress, aimlessness, loss of peace of mind, and anticipation of hastened punishment considered natural consequences of severe disobedience to parents, despite repentance?

You have done well by repenting from disobeying your parents, as it is one of the gravest sins and causes Allah's wrath. The completion of repentance is by seeking forgiveness from your parents. If your repentance is sincere, Allah will accept it, for He loves those who repent. Allah Almighty says: "Say, 'O My servants who have transgressed against themselves [by sinning], do not despair of the mercy of Allah. Indeed, Allah forgives all sins. Indeed, it is He who is the Forgiving, the Merciful.'" And Allah has promised forgiveness to whoever supplicates to Him, hopes in Him, and seeks His forgiveness. So, beware of despairing from Allah's mercy, and resume your life with your parents. Do not open the door of "if only" to Satan, for it opens the work of Satan. The distress you feel is not necessarily a punishment for disobedience, especially after repentance. Be keen on honoring your parents, for it brings joy and dispels distress and sorrow.