Is he who emigrates for study or seeking sustenance considered to have committed an act of disbelief, or does it refer to one whose emigration outwardly appears to be for Allah but inwardly is for worldly gain? What is the ruling on one who is ignorant that this is a form of polytheism, and is he required to utter the two testimonies of faith? And is he considered a disbeliever if he dies ignorant of a type of polytheism without having committed it or denied it?

The polytheism (shirk) intended in the mentioned scenarios is minor shirk, which is committing a grave sin for one whose intention behind their deed was worldly gain. This does not, however, lead to expulsion from the faith, and repentance is required. As for one who intends to migrate for knowledge for purely worldly benefits, while this knowledge is something by which the face of Allah is sought, then such a person is in a precarious position. However, there is no blame upon one who intends benefit for both religion and worldly life. There is no harm in seeking sustenance through righteous deeds while also seeking Allah's pleasure. But if one's seeking is merely for sustenance and acquiring money through a deed intended only for Allah's sake, then this falls under the prohibition. As for one who is ignorant of something that expels from the faith, and it is typical for someone like them to be ignorant of it, then they are excused.