What is the ruling on my going to study Islamic religious knowledge with my friends, despite my mother's disapproval, as she fears they might negatively influence me?

Obeying and honoring one's parents is obligatory. A girl is not permitted to leave her father's house without his permission, as obedience to the father is واجب (obligatory) unless it involves disobedience to Allah.

Therefore, the questioner must try to obtain her father's permission. If the father refuses, she is not allowed to leave. She can still acquire religious knowledge and listen to lessons through scholarly tapes, beneficial channels, and social media groups.