What is the ruling on producing energy, establishing factories and power plants that generate electricity, and manufacturing cars, airplanes, and ships, knowing that operating them leads to environmental pollution?

Factories and power stations are originally permissible and achieve great benefits. If benefit and harm conflict, then what prevails is what is dominant: if the harm is greater, the act is forbidden; and if the benefit is greater, it is permissible. The benefits of these factories outweigh their harms, as stopping them would cause severe hardship to people and hinder the nation from acquiring the necessary strength to wage jihad against enemies. Furthermore, the abstention of Islamic countries from these industries will not significantly reduce the risks, as the major industrial nations are responsible for most emissions. Their harms can be mitigated by reducing emissions and adhering to preventive measures.