What is the reprehensibility of prohibition (karaha tahrimiyya) according to the Hanafis and others? And will one who abandons an obligation be punished? And how did the Hanbalis deduce the obligatory acts of prayer?

The Hanafis were unique in adding a new category to the Ahkam Taklifiyah (obligatory rulings) called "Makruh Tahrimi" (prohibitively disliked). This refers to something whose prohibition is established by non-definitive evidence. They placed it as a category between haram (forbidden) and makruh tanzihi (reprehensibly disliked). In contrast, the Salaf (early generations) used the term makruh (disliked) to mean haram (forbidden).

Wajib (obligatory) is that for which the doer is rewarded and the ترك (one who leaves it) is subject to punishment. Among these are the wajibats (obligatory elements) of prayer mentioned by the Hanbalis, which are eight: the takbirat al-intiqal (takbirs of transition), saying tasmi' (for the imam and the one praying alone), saying tahmid (for the imam, follower, and one praying alone), the tasbihs (glorifications) in bowing and prostrating, saying "Rabb ighfir li" (My Lord, forgive me) between the two prostrations, the first tashahhud, and sitting for it. They cited the Prophet's actions and his command, "Pray as you have seen me praying," along with Prophetic hadiths, as evidence for their obligation. These wajibats are obligatory and are compensated for by sujud as-sahw (prostration of forgetfulness) if left out forgetfully, but the prayer becomes invalid if they are intentionally omitted.