What is the ruling on analogy (qiyas) based on dispensations (rukhsahs), and to what extent is the availability of their causes (asbab) without their impediments (mawani’) considered? And is the situation that permits taking the dispensation the effective cause (‘illah) around which the dispensation revolves in terms of existence and non-existence?

Scholars differed on the permissibility of analogical deduction (Qiyas) based on dispensations (Rukhas). The preponderant view among the majority of scholars is its permissibility if the underlying reason (illah) is known and established. They base their argument on the general evidence that proves the authoritativeness of Qiyas, and on the fact that dispensations are established by solitary reports (khabar al-ahad), and Qiyas, likewise, conveys probabilistic knowledge (dhann).

As for those who prohibit it, such as the Hanafis, they contend that dispensations go against the general evidence and should not be extended by Qiyas. The majority of scholars refuted this by stating that if Qiyas is built upon the illah of the dispensation, it aligns with the legislator's intent and does not contradict it. They also argued that dispensations are gifts from Allah, and understanding their underlying reasons does not prevent their extension.

Application of this to the examples mentioned:

Shortening prayers during travel: Its underlying reason is travel, not hardship. A traveler shortens prayers whether they experience hardship or not. Analogical deduction based on travel dispensations is not valid when at home because the underlying reason (travel) is absent. Delaying prayer for the presence of food: Its underlying reason is the preoccupation of the mind and the loss of devotion (khushu'), not merely the presence of food. Therefore, anything that preoccupies the mind and reduces devotion can be analogized, provided there is ample time. Absence from congregational prayer due to rain: Its underlying reason is the hardship caused by wet clothes or similar inconvenience, not merely the rain itself. Therefore, anything that causes similar hardship, such as strong winds, severe cold, or mud, can be analogized.