What is the ruling on attending the Friday sermon if the preacher makes linguistic errors in Arabic, and the error reaches a degree that could be considered disbelief—Allah forbid—such as saying "عسى أن يخرج الله" (may Allah bring out) in the active voice instead of the passive voice when supplicating for the circumambulator? What is the rule that governs the recipient's conduct in this situation, and is it permissible for him to leave the prayer?

What you mentioned is not a valid excuse for missing Jumu'ah prayer, because the Imam's grammatical errors (laḥn) in his sermon do not invalidate it, whether the error is egregious or changes the meaning, as long as it is not in the Qur'an or Hadith. However, if the error is in the Qur'an or Hadith, the listener should correct the mistake if possible, otherwise, he should politely advise the Imam after the prayer. It is not permissible to miss Jumu'ah due to the warnings associated with it. If you are able to pray in a mosque where the Imam does not make such errors, then you may do so. Otherwise, do not abandon praying in the aforementioned mosque.