Is it permissible for the Friday Khateeb to display a video after the prayer, related to the topic of the Khutbah, on a television screen in the mosque, for the purpose of reinforcing the Khutbah and enriching the topic?

There is nothing to prevent the mentioned عرض (presentation/display) after the completion of Jumu'ah prayer. For His saying, "And when the prayer has been concluded, disperse within the land," does not necessitate leaving the mosque after the prayer; rather, it is a permission. And the prohibition against forming حلق (circles) was mentioned before Jumu'ah, not after it.