What is the ruling on arbitrary divorce, and what are the views of scholars from the four schools of thought and contemporary scholars like Al-Qaradawi on it? Are there specific references for further study?

The wordings of divorce by innuendo are of two types: The first is what may imply divorce and results in divorce with intention, by consensus, such as "You are divorced" (انت خلية) or "Go join your family" (الحقي بأهلك). The second type is what does not imply divorce except by forced interpretation. Divorce does not occur with it according to the Shafi'is and Hanbalis, even if intended, such as "May Allah bless you" (بارك الله فيك) or "Come here" (تعالي). As for the Malikis, it is well-known that divorce occurs with it if intended. According to the Hanafis, divorce occurs with all words of innuendo as long as it was intended. If "divorce by forced interpretation" refers to divorce without cause, then divorce occurs whenever the husband pronounces it in a valid manner.