Did the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, borrow from Jews despite his knowledge of usury in their dealings, and was this mentioned in the authentic Prophetic biography?

There is no evidence that the Prophet (peace be upon him) borrowed from the Jews. Rather, he engaged in buying and selling with them, purchased items from them on credit, and mortgaged his shield with them.

The Prophet (peace be upon him) also concluded a treaty with them in Medina that included cooperation in bearing the blood money for the slain.

The Jews' involvement in usury does not preclude engaging in buying and selling and similar transactions with them. The Prophet (peace be upon him) accepted their gifts, responded to their invitations, engaged in buying and selling with them, and died with his shield mortgaged to a Jew.

The Companions and the Successors permitted eating from the food of one whose wealth was mixed with unlawful gains, such as usury, while the sin of usury remains upon its perpetrator.