How is a country judged to be a land of disbelief (kufr), and is the judgment based on the majority of the population or on the system applied? And what is the ruling concerning countries with a Muslim majority that nonetheless adopt a secular approach or religious freedom?

The Abode of Islam is defined by the establishment of God's prescribed punishments (Hudud Allah) therein, and governance by Islamic Law (Sharia). In it, Muslims are able to practice their rituals. As for the Abode of Disbelief, it is one where the rulings of Sharia are not applied and Muslims are prevented from openly practicing their religion. It is obligatory to emigrate from it for anyone who cannot openly practice their religion, and it is recommended to emigrate from it even for those who can.