Has the divorce occurred in the three aforementioned cases, especially given that the husband did not intend an actual divorce in them?

The first case (you are divorced when we return to the country): Divorce occurs immediately upon returning to the country. This is a mere suspension (ta'liq) not intended to encourage or prevent, nor to affirm or deny.

The second case (a message stating "you are divorced"): In this case, reference is made to his intention at the time of writing. If he intended divorce, it occurs. If he intended something else besides divorce (such as frightening his family), it does not occur.

The third case (divorce of an angry person and the judge's ruling): What matters is the judge's ruling. If the judge rules that the divorce did not occur due to the severity of the anger, which prevents the occurrence of divorce, then his ruling is to be adopted.

The husband is advised to fear Allah and control his tongue.