What is the ruling on shaking hands with women in non-Muslim countries, given the ambiguity surrounding this matter among non-Muslims, and is it permissible to drink what is in the cups when celebrating with them and congratulating them on their holidays, given that they are generally understanding?

A Muslim must adhere to their religion and not be swayed by the multitude of those who are astray, as it is the only path to achieving worldly and otherworldly aspirations.

Care must be taken to guide disbelievers and invite them to faith and monotheism first, as stated in the Hadith of Mu'adh. Practically, one must demonstrate adherence to religion as something non-negotiable, such as refraining from unlawful mixing with foreign women and shaking their hands.

As for Muslims, they must be called upon to adhere to religion and repent, and the dangers of touching foreign women must be explained to them.

Regarding "clinking glasses": If it means clinking one glass with another before drinking, and the content is permissible (non-intoxicating), then the clinking itself is a characteristic of alcohol drinkers. A Muslim must distance themselves from imitating them.