Am I obligated to pray if black, clotted blood, without pain or menstrual odor, comes out of me, accompanied by a severe burning sensation in the vagina, knowing that I am breastfeeding and have not had my period for 9 years, and all my births were by C-section? And is this blood an indication of pregnancy or inflammation?

The fundamental principle is that any blood a woman sees is considered menses if it meets the criteria for it. For the majority of scholars, this means the duration must be at least one day and one night. However, the Malikis do not set a minimum duration for it. Therefore, if the blood does not persist for a day and a night, it is not considered menses by the majority of scholars. Nevertheless, it is preferable to perform ghusl (ritual purification bath) to avoid disagreement among scholars. As for inflammations, a doctor should be consulted regarding them.