Did some major scholars, such as Ibn Hazm, affirm prophethood for women like Mary and Sarah, in contravention of the consensus that prophets are men, and what is the refutation of these anomalous statements and the arguments they relied upon?

The question contained several points, among them: the exclusivity of prophethood to men and not women, which is the view of the majority of scholars, based on the Almighty's saying: "And We sent not before you except men." As for the difference between risala (messengership) and nubuwah (prophethood), and the preference of the ten promised Paradise over the wives of the Prophet, peace be upon him, this is correct.

Regarding Ibn Hazm's accusation of takfir against Al-Baqillani, Ibn Hazm mentioned in his book Al-Fasl fi al-Milal that Al-Baqillani believed there could be someone among people after the Prophet, peace be upon him, who is superior to him, and Ibn Hazm considered this shirk.

However, it is very difficult for such a statement to emanate from Qadi Abu Bakr Al-Baqillani, who was known for his knowledge, piety, and defense of the Sunnah. Imam Al-Dhahabi and others highly praised him. It is well-known that Ibn Hazm was excessive in his expressions and audacious towards great figures.