ما الفرق بين الشهادة والإشهاد في الاصطلاح الفقهي؟

Testimony is the act of informing about a right owed by one person to another, and it is one of the legal methods of proof. Witnessing (al-ishhad), on the other hand, is the request for that information. There is no necessary correlation between the two; testimony may exist without witnessing, and witnessing may exist without testimony. Rendering testimony is a communal obligation (fard kifayah) for the preservation of rights, and it may become an individual obligation (fard ayn) if a right depends on the testimony of a single person. As for witnessing, the right belongs to the one seeking a witness, and he may choose to seek or not to seek a witness to document rights.