How can the verses speaking of Paradise and its delights, such as the words of the Almighty: "And your Lord comes with the angels, rank upon rank," be reconciled with the Prophet's—peace and blessings be upon him—vision of Hell and the torment of women therein on the night of Al-Mi'raj, given that the reckoning takes place in the Hereafter?

There is no contradiction between the accounting on the Day of Judgment and the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, seeing those being tormented in the Fire. This is among the matters of the unseen that must be believed as they are, without delving into how, due to the mind's inability to comprehend them. Sheikh Ibn Uthaymeen was asked about the Prophet's vision of the states of the people of Paradise and Hell on the night of the Isra and Mi'raj, before the Hour is established. He replied that matters of the unseen cannot be perceived by the senses, and one must believe in them without seeking to understand how. It is possible that his vision, peace and blessings be upon him, of them being tormented was in the Barzakh (the intermediary realm), as Al-Hafiz Ibn Hajar indicated in the benefits of the long hadith of Samurah that some disobedient individuals are tormented in the Barzakh.