What is the evidence that permanent settlement is a condition for the validity of Jumu'ah (Friday prayer), and why is Jumu'ah prayer not obligatory for residents who are not independently settled, and why is it not valid if performed by them, even though a resident is not a traveler and not from the Bedouin?

People are divided into three types regarding travel and residency: the permanent resident, the traveler, and the temporary resident.

The Permanent Resident: This is someone who has taken a place as their homeland and resides there permanently. The Friday prayer is obligatory upon them without dispute if all other conditions are met, due to the generality of Allah's saying: (O you who have believed, when [the adhan for] prayer is called on Friday, then proceed to the remembrance of Allah and leave trade. That is better for you, if you only knew) (Al-Jumu'ah/9). As for the people of the deserts, the Friday prayer is not obligatory upon them and is not valid from them, because the Prophet (peace be upon him) did not command them to perform it.

The Traveler: Most scholars hold that the Friday prayer is not obligatory upon them, whether they are stationary or on the move. The evidence for this is that the Prophet (peace be upon him) used to travel and did not pray Jumu'ah during his travels. He prayed Dhuhr and Asr on the day of Arafah during the Farewell Pilgrimage, despite it being a Friday, and a large number of companions were with him.

The Temporary Resident: This is a traveler who has stayed in a country for a period that removes the description of travel (such as a month or more). They are similar to the permanent resident in the length of their stay, and similar to the traveler in their intention to return. The Friday prayer is obligatory upon them if others, from among the permanent residents, establish it, but it is not valid if only temporary residents establish it. Some scholars (such as Sheikh Al-Islam Ibn Taymiyyah) believe that people are only two types: either a traveler or a permanent resident. He holds that someone residing for a long period without intending to settle permanently is considered a traveler, but he believes that the Friday prayer is obligatory upon them if they are within a city where Jumu'ah is established and the residents therein establish it.

The issue of temporary residents leaving the Friday prayer due to the absence of permanent residents is problematic. Some scholars have permitted its establishment in this case if they see a benefit for Islam and Muslims, even though the general rule is not to establish it except in the presence of permanent residents.